This post, originally published by NOAA’s Office of Response and Restoration, was written by Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium’s Tara Skelton to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Deepwater Horizon. To read the original post, click here.

I was a freelance writer and mother of two living in coastal Mississippi when the Deepwater Horizon oil spill began in April of 2010. As boom went up around my local beaches and harbors, my concerns mirrored those I encountered in my community. Should I take my kids to the beach or out boating? Could we continue to safely buy our shrimp off the docks directly from local fishers? How long would all this last?

As tropical weather regulars, Gulf residents are no strangers to disaster. Hurricanes and other coastal storms blow through regularly, and then we all get together to work toward rebuilding. I wondered how long my little town and communities like ours around the Gulf would feel the effects of this disaster, one where you couldn’t immediately see what needed fixing. Because the Gulf is large and complex, scientists explained, answers could take a while and, in some cases, lead to more questions.

In 2016, I took a full-time position as the communicator for the Sea Grant Oil Spill Science Outreach Program. This team of science extension professionals works regionally with audiences just like me—people who rely on a healthy Gulf of Mexico for work or play—to share what researchers have discovered about the effects of Deepwater Horizon and other oil spills. We produce publications and sponsor seminars covering different aspects of oil spill science. I help my teammates translate technical research findings into language that anyone can understand. Not trained as a scientist myself, I joke that my expertise is much like an oil slick—wide but not very deep. That’s why when I want answers, I turn to the scientists I work with and the materials they’ve produced.

Here are some of the things I’ve learned since that April ten years ago:

1. It IS safe to eat Gulf seafood, swim and boat in our waters, and play on our beaches. To learn why, watch the short video Ensuring the safety of seafood after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (below) or read the fact sheet Is it safe? Examining health risks from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill or longer outreach publications The Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s impact on Gulf seafood and Navigating shifting sands: Oil on our beaches.
2. Good science takes time. Sometimes scientists’ understanding of a situation can evolve as more information becomes available. For that reason, my team updates and republishes our work if necessary, as we did with Top 5 frequently asked questions about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill—Updated 2019.

3. Scientists have a good idea of where in the Gulf ecosystem much of the Deepwater Horizon oil ended up, but that doesn’t mean they can account for every drop. Read Where did the oil go? A Deepwater Horizon fact sheet, or for a more in-depth look, Deepwater Horizon: Where did the oil go?

4. Results found in a lab are not always observed in the real world. For example, lab studies raised concerns that the dispersants responders used to keep oil from hitting shore might negatively impact marine life, but those concentrations were not found in coastal waters after Deepwater Horizon. My team produced a series of publications on the subject—Chemical dispersants and their role in oil spill response; Responses of aquatic animals in the Gulf of Mexico to oil and dispersants; and Persistence, fate, and effectiveness of dispersants used during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill—and a fact sheet—Frequently asked questions: Dispersants edition—that sums it up.

5. It wasn’t my imagination—people do respond differently to human-caused disasters like oil spills than to natural disasters. To learn more, check out the The Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s impact on people’s health: Increases in stress and anxiety and Creating healthy communities to overcome oil spill disasters. The team also joined with the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to host a coast-to-coast workshop series on the oil spill disaster resilience. Reports and talks from the workshops can be found at Regional priority setting for health, social, and economic disruption from spills.

6. Part of the stress and anxiety humans face in the wake of an oil spill comes from damage to their livelihoods when fish populations are impacted or commercial fisheries closed. Watch a short video showing how fishes’ bodies process oil or read more detail in Fisheries landings and disasters in the Gulf of Mexico, Impacts from the Deepwater Horizon to Gulf of Mexico fisheries, Oysters and oil spills, and Skin lesions in fish: Was there a connection to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill?

7. Even though the Deepwater Horizon oil spill negatively affected some marine animal populations, other factors in the highly complex Gulf of Mexico system frequently compounded adverse impacts. For example, cold-water stunning contributed to dolphin and turtle population declines in 2010: Sea turtles and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and The Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s impacts on bottlenose dolphins.

8. Scientists learned from Deepwater Horizon that even the smallest of neighbors in the water can make a big difference in overall outcomes or experience unexpected results. To learn more, read Microbes and oil: What’s the connection? or watch presentation videos from Using the underdogs of the animal world to gain insights into impacts, recovery, and restoration after oil spills.

9. Oil spill response incorporates science, and it evolves as new tools become available. See the publication Emerging surfactants, sorbents, and additives for use in oil spill clean-up and presentation videos from the recent event Herding oil at the surface: Surface collecting agents in oil spill response.
10. Speaking of technology, scientists have a suite of super-cool tools they use to study impacts. Check out the publications Underwater vehicles used to study oil spills and In the air and on the water: Technology used to investigate oil spills and presentation videos from Technology & Deepwater Horizon and Technology used to study oil spills, Part 2 to learn more.

As oil exploration and transportation continues, so does the likelihood that another catastrophic spill could happen somewhere in the world. It is our hope that the library of publications and videos we’ve created will be a resource for anyone who finds themselves wondering what to expect when it takes place.

Featured image: This beachfront sunset gathering took place in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, on April 16, 2010—four days before the Deepwater Horizon spill began. Boom to protect the shoreline from oil appeared in this spot within the month. (Image credit: Tara Skelton)